Denial: Not accepting reality and trying to prove the truth can result in violence.
Repression: Fighting with hidden desires, e.g., unconscious sexual desires may lead to fighting immorality.
Rationalization: All violence involves rationalization, e.g., countries make excuses for war.
Projection: Attacking others due to own evil desires, e.g., social "jihad".
Displacement: Diverting aggression to substitutes, e.g., boss → wife → children → pets; self-directed aggression can result in suicide; explains inferiority, guilt, depression.
Regression: Reverting to immature behavior can lead to assault, e.g., adult behaving like child.
Overcompensation: Making up for frustration in one area by over-gratification in another, e.g., excessive eating, drugs, prostitutes.
Acting Out: Manifesting emotional anxiety into physical symptoms, leading to violence.
Splitting: Viewing people as all good or all bad; exaggerating evil in others can lead to violence.
Freudian Methods
Freudian Methods:
Hypnosis to Free Association: Patient shares thoughts freely, even trivial or embarrassing; effective with practice and therapist encouragement.
Dream Interpretation: Sleep is chaos where unconscious id thoughts attempt to enter consciousness; dreams caused by conflict, bring up forgotten memories, use symbolism, can reproduce repressed childhood impressions; dreams can fulfill wishes and reveal impressions not from dreamer's life; insight gained through interpretation.
Jungian Psychology
Jung disagreed with Freud's emphasis on sexual desires; believed spirituality, mysticism, religion exist independently.
Attitude types: Extraversion and Introversion.
Extroverts: Social, energized by interaction, focus on external objects/tasks.
Introverts: Reserved, energized by solitary activities, focus on inner feelings and thoughts.
No one is completely introvert or extrovert; one dimension is dominant.
Four Ego Functions (Jung)
Four Ego Functions (Jung):
Thinking: Rational analysis, intellectual understanding, head-oriented, detached, unemotional; common in men.
Feeling: Value-based, emotional evaluation, heart-oriented; common in women.
Sensation: Perception through senses; relates to physical stimuli; differs in introvert/extrovert.
Extrovert Intuition Feeling: Idealistic, empathetic, good communicators, religious.
Extrovert Intuition Thinking: Balanced, logical, good teachers and communicators.
Violence and Jungian Types
Violence and Jungian Types:
Extreme Introversion: May misinterpret others, potentially leading to violence.
Extreme Extraversion: Excessive social interaction can offend others, leading to violence.
Sensation and Feeling dominance: Slaves of sensations/feelings, lack planning, morality, spirituality; prone to drugs, illegal sexual activities, violence.
Thinking and Intuition dominance: Usually do not resort to violence.
Collective Unconscious
Collective Unconscious:
Reservoir of experiences of our species; distinct from personal unconscious.
Cultural Dreams: Express collective unconscious memories and instincts; use symbolic language.
Fairy/Folk Tales: Grow from collective unconscious, rooted in human past, found across cultures.
Key Concepts in Defense Mechanisms and Psychology
Defense Mechanisms Unconscious strategies linking to violence
Freudian Methods Hypnosis and dream analysis for insight